BSA (Birmingham Small Arms Co. Ltd.) was formed in 1861. The firm started to build bicycles around 1870. In the 1880's BSA built a lot of tricycles to be badged by other makers, like Matchless (Bicycle and Tricycle Co.)  They also made the Otto-dicycle. 
They also produced their own bikes, like the Alpha highwheeler. In 1884 they produced one of the first models of the safety bicycle. 1500 of this BSA were made - click this link for a picture.   
BSA built bicycles until 1887 but remained an important supplier of bicycle parts, used all over the world.

The bike you see in the pictures is a very interesting example, seen in the Velorama museum. It has a lot of 'modern' features, like the hollow forks and the ball bearings. But this way of spoke adjustment was very oldfashioned by 1885: direct spokes were considered a better solution. 125 years later I can't see why ... 
Apart from that it misses a brake: not even the remains of it. Someone told me this was standard with BSA ordinaries: they were sold without brake. 
Characteristic is the way the handlebars are fixed to the head: with a giant nut. Simple, yet effective.

   
   
  Most of the above information comes from the Encyclopaedia of Bicycle Manufacturers, by Ray Miller/V-CC.